Rudyard Kipling | 10 Facts On The Famous English Author

"The White Man's Burden: The United States and the Philippine Islands" (1899), by Rudyard Kipling, is a poem about the Philippine-American War (1899-1902), which exhorts the United States to assume colonial control of the Filipino people and their country. Originally written to celebrate the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria (22 June 1897), the jingoistic poem was replaced with the sombreThe end of December 2015 marked the 150th anniversary of Rudyard Kipling's birth. I suppose you might say that this fact proves just how long ago a century and half can seem - at least if youRudyard Kipling became the first English writer to receive the Nobel Prize in Literature. Having lived most of his life in England and in the USA, Kipling always considered India, where he was born, to be his home. He achieved popularity and fame by the age of 23, after the publication of his first stories.Rudyard Kipling was an English author famous for an array of works like 'Just So Stories,' 'If' and 'The Jungle Book.' He received the 1907 Nobel Prize in Literature. Who Was Rudyard Kipling?...Load Previous Page Legacy of Rudyard Kipling Kipling's poems and stories were extraordinarily popular in the late 19th and early 20th century, but after World War I his reputation as a serious writer suffered through his being widely viewed as a jingoistic imperialist. (His rehabilitation was attempted, however, by T.S. Eliot.)

Why we still don't know what to make of Kipling | Books

The following post explain Fun Facts about Rudyard Kipling. He was known as the English journalist. He also wrote novels, poems and short stories. Kipling was born on 30th December 1865.Rudyard Kipling was born in Bombay, India, in December of 1865. As a boy, he took pleasure in the work of Ralph Waldo Emerson and Wilkie Collins. He was around eleven years old that he first started writing. Kipling's best-known work, The Jungle Book, was published in the late 1890s.The Science Fiction Stories of Rudyard Kipling 1994. The Works of Rudyard Kipling 1995. Schoolboy Lyrics (poetry) 1881. Departmental Ditties, and Other Verses (poetry) 1886. The Light That FailedLearn about the writer behind the beloved books that inspired the hit movies. Published in 1894, Rudyard Kipling's The Jungle Book proved to be a hit with young and old alike. The Jungle Book's...

Interesting facts about Rudyard Kipling

What do Rudyard Kipling's works reveal about his political views?He favored colonization by the British.He was against British imperialism.He thought the British were unfair to the Indians.He thought the colonies were a burden to the British.He predicted that Britain would lose its colonies."Collected Works of Rudyard Kipling (Illustrated Edition): 5 Novels & 350+ Short Stories, Poetry, Historical Military Works and Autobiographical Writings from one of the most popular writers in England, known for The Jungle Book, Kim, The Man Who Would Be King", p.724, e-artnow (Open Publishing) 30 Copy quoteWho was Rudyard Kipling? Joseph Rudyard Kipling was an English poet, short story writer and a novelist, chiefly remembered for his works for children and support for British imperialism. Born in British India in the middle of the nineteenth century, he was sent to England at the age of six for his education.Question: What are the antithesis in the poem -If by Rudyard Kipling? * Antithesis in General "Antithesis" in general terms means the exact diametric opposite of something. So the antithesis of "If…" might be something like this: > If you just los...Rudyard Kipling was an English poet who lived from 1865-1936. He also wrote many children's stories. The poem's line, "If you can meet with Triumph and Disaster and treat those two impostors just the same," is written on the wall of the players' entrance at Wimbledon.

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Rudyard KiplingKipling in 1895BornJoseph Rudyard Kipling30 December 1865Malabar Hill, Bombay Presidency, British IndiaDied18 January 1936 (aged 70)Fitzrovia, London, EnglandResting positionWestminster AbbeyOccupationShort-story writer, novelist, poet, journalistNationalityBritishStyleShort story, novel, youngsters's literature, poetry, go back and forth literature, science fictionNotable worksThe Jungle BookJust So StoriesKimCaptains Courageous"If—""Gunga Din""The White Man's Burden"Notable awardsNobel Prize in Literature 1907 PartnerCaroline Starr Balestier ​ ​(m. 1892)​ChildrenJosephineElsieJohnSignature

Joseph Rudyard Kipling (/ˈrʌdjərd/ RUD-yərd; 30 December 1865 – 18 January 1936)[1] was once an English journalist, short-story author, poet, and novelist. He was born in India, which impressed much of his paintings.

Kipling's works of fiction include The Jungle Book (1894), Kim (1901), and plenty of brief stories, together with "The Man Who Would Be King" (1888).[2] His poems include "Mandalay" (1890), "Gunga Din" (1890), "The Gods of the Copybook Headings" (1919), "The White Man's Burden" (1899), and "If—" (1910). He is noticed as an innovator within the art of the quick story.[3] His children's books are classics; one critic famous "a versatile and luminous narrative gift." [4][5]

Kipling within the overdue 19th and early 20th centuries used to be a number of the United Kingdom's most popular writers.[3]Henry James said "Kipling strikes me personally as the most complete man of genius, as distinct from fine intelligence, that I have ever known."[3] In 1907, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, as the primary English-language author to obtain the prize, and at 41, its youngest recipient up to now.[6] He was once also sounded out for the British Poet Laureateship and a number of other occasions for a knighthood, however declined each.[7] Following his death in 1936, his ashes were interred at Poets' Corner, part of the South Transept of Westminster Abbey.

Kipling's subsequent popularity has modified with the political and social local weather of the age.[8][9] The contrasting views of him persisted for far of the 20 th century.[10][11] Literary critic Douglas Kerr wrote: "[Kipling] is still an author who can inspire passionate disagreement and his place in literary and cultural history is far from settled. But as the age of the European empires recedes, he is recognised as an incomparable, if controversial, interpreter of how empire was experienced. That, and an increasing recognition of his extraordinary narrative gifts, make him a force to be reckoned with."[12]

Childhood (1865–1882)

Malabar Point, Bombay, 1865

Rudyard Kipling was born on 30 December 1865 in Bombay, within the Bombay Presidency of British India, to Alice Kipling (née MacDonald) and John Lockwood Kipling.[13] Alice (some of the 4 famous MacDonald sisters)[14] was once a vivacious girl,[15] of whom Lord Dufferin would say, "Dullness and Mrs Kipling cannot exist in the same room."[3][16][17] John Lockwood Kipling, a sculptor and pottery dressmaker, was once the Principal and Professor of Architectural Sculpture on the newly founded Sir Jamsetjee Jeejebhoy School of Art in Bombay.[15]

John Lockwood and Alice had met in 1863 and courted at Rudyard Lake in Rudyard, Staffordshire, England. They married and moved to India in 1865. They were so moved by means of the wonderful thing about the Rudyard Lake area that they named their first kid after it. Two of Alice's sisters have been married to artists: Georgiana to the painter Edward Burne-Jones, and her sister Agnes to Edward Poynter. Kipling's maximum distinguished relative was his first cousin, Stanley Baldwin, who was once Conservative Prime Minister thrice within the 1920s and Nineteen Thirties.[18]

Kipling's start home on the campus of the J.J. School of Art in Bombay was once for a few years used because the Dean's place of dwelling.[19] Although a cottage bears a plaque noting it as his start web site, the unique one could have been torn down and replaced many years ago.[20] Some historians and conservationists take the view that the bungalow marks a website online merely as regards to the house of Kipling's birth, because it was built in 1882 – about 15 years after Kipling was once born. Kipling seems to have stated as much to the Dean when visiting J. J. School in the 1930s.[21]

Map of places visited by means of Kipling in British India

Kipling wrote of Bombay:

Mother of Cities to me, For I was born in her gate, Between the fingers and the sea, Where the world-end steamers wait.[22]

According to Bernice M. Murphy, "Kipling's parents considered themselves 'Anglo-Indians' [a term used in the 19th century for people of British origin living in India] and so too would their son, though he spent the bulk of his life elsewhere. Complex issues of identity and national allegiance would become prominent in his fiction."[23]

Kipling referred to such conflicts. For example: "In the afternoon heats before we took our sleep, she (the Portuguese ayah, or nanny) or Meeta (the Hindu bearer, or male attendant) would tell us stories and Indian nursery songs all unforgotten, and we were sent into the dining-room after we had been dressed, with the caution 'Speak English now to Papa and Mamma.' So one spoke 'English', haltingly translated out of the vernacular idiom that one thought and dreamed in."[24]

Education in Britain English Heritage blue plaque marking Kipling's time in Southsea, Portsmouth

Kipling's days of "strong light and darkness" in Bombay ended when he used to be 5.[24] As was the custom in British India, he and his three-year-old sister Alice ("Trix") were taken to the United Kingdom – in their case to Southsea, Portsmouth – to are living with a pair who boarded youngsters of British nationals living in a foreign country.[25] For the next six years (from October 1871 to April 1877), the youngsters lived with the couple – Captain Pryse Agar Holloway, once an officer in the merchant army, and Sarah Holloway – at their area, Lorne Lodge, 4 Campbell Road, Southsea.[26]

In his autobiography published 65 years later, Kipling recalled the stay with horror, and questioned if the mix of cruelty and neglect which he skilled there by the hands of Mrs Holloway may now not have hastened the onset of his literary life: "If you cross-examine a child of seven or eight on his day's doings (specially when he wants to go to sleep) he will contradict himself very satisfactorily. If each contradiction be set down as a lie and retailed at breakfast, life is not easy. I have known a certain amount of bullying, but this was calculated torture – religious as well as scientific. Yet it made me give attention to the lies I soon found it necessary to tell: and this, I presume, is the foundation of literary effort." [24]

Kipling's England: A map of England appearing Kipling's homes

Trix fared higher at Lorne Lodge; Mrs Holloway apparently was hoping that Trix would sooner or later marry the Holloways' son.[27] The two Kipling kids, then again, had no kinfolk in England they could talk over with, except that they spent a month each and every Christmas with a maternal aunt Georgiana ("Georgy") and her husband, Edward Burne-Jones, at their area, The Grange, in Fulham, London, which Kipling referred to as "a paradise which I verily believe saved me."[24]

In the spring of 1877, Alice returned from India and got rid of the kids from Lorne Lodge. Kipling recollects "Often and often afterwards, the beloved Aunt would ask me why I had never told any one how I was being treated. Children tell little more than animals, for what comes to them they accept as eternally established. Also, badly-treated children have a clear notion of what they are likely to get if they betray the secrets of a prison-house before they are clear of it."[24]

Alice took the children throughout Spring 1877 to Goldings Farm at Loughton, the place a carefree summer season and autumn was once spent on the farm and adjacent Forest, one of the crucial time with Stanley Baldwin. In January 1878, Kipling was once admitted to the United Services College at Westward Ho!, Devon, a school lately based to organize boys for the military. It proved tough going for him to start with, however later resulted in company friendships and supplied the environment for his schoolboy tales Stalky & Co. (1899).[27] While there, Kipling met and fell in love with Florence Garrard, who was once boarding with Trix at Southsea (to which Trix had returned). Florence was the type for Maisie in Kipling's first novel, The Light That Failed (1891).[27]

Return to India

Near the top of his education, it was determined that Kipling didn't have the instructional talent to get into Oxford University on a scholarship.[27] His folks lacked the wherewithal to finance him,[15] and so Kipling's father bought a task for him in Lahore, the place the daddy served as Principal of the Mayo College of Art and Curator of the Lahore Museum. Kipling used to be to be assistant editor of a local newspaper, the Civil and Military Gazette.

He sailed for India on 20 September 1882 and arrived in Bombay on 18 October. He described the instant years later: "So, at sixteen years and nine months, but looking four or five years older, and adorned with real whiskers which the scandalised Mother abolished within one hour of beholding, I found myself at Bombay where I was born, moving among sights and smells that made me deliver in the vernacular sentences whose meaning I knew not. Other Indian-born boys have told me how the same thing happened to them."[24] This arrival changed Kipling, as he explains: "There were yet three or four days' rail to Lahore, where my people lived. After these, my English years fell away, nor ever, I think, came back in full strength." [24]

Early adult existence (1882–1914)

From 1883 to 1889, Kipling labored in British India for native newspapers such as the Civil and Military Gazette in Lahore and The Pioneer in Allahabad.[24]

Lahore Railway Station within the Eighteen Eighties Bundi, Rajputana, the place Kipling was once inspired to jot down Kim.

The former, which used to be the newspaper Kipling was once to name his "mistress and most true love," [24] appeared six days every week all through the year, apart from for one-day breaks for Christmas and Easter. Stephen Wheeler, the editor, labored Kipling hard, however Kipling's want to write was unstoppable. In 1886, he published his first choice of verse, Departmental Ditties. That 12 months also brought a change of editors at the newspaper; Kay Robinson, the new editor, allowed more ingenious freedom and Kipling used to be requested to give a contribution quick tales to the newspaper.[4]

In a piece of writing published within the Chums boys' annual, an ex-colleague of Kipling's stated that "he never knew such a fellow for ink – he simply revelled in it, filling up his pen viciously, and then throwing the contents all over the office, so that it was almost dangerous to approach him."[28] The anecdote continues: "In the hot weather when he (Kipling) wore only white trousers and a thin vest, he is said to have resembled a Dalmatian dog more than a human being, for he was spotted all over with ink in every direction."

In the summer of 1883, Kipling visited Shimla, then Simla, a well-known hill station and the summer capital of British India. By then it used to be the apply for the Viceroy of India and govt to move to Simla for 6 months, and the town changed into a "centre of power as well as pleasure." [4] Kipling's circle of relatives changed into annual guests to Simla, and Lockwood Kipling was requested to serve in Christ Church there. Rudyard Kipling returned to Simla for his annual depart every 12 months from 1885 to 1888, and the city featured prominently in lots of tales he wrote for the Gazette.[4] "My month's leave at Simla, or whatever Hill Station my people went to, was pure joy – every golden hour counted. It began in heat and discomfort, by rail and road. It ended in the cool evening, with a wood fire in one's bedroom, and next morn – thirty more of them ahead! – the early cup of tea, the Mother who brought it in, and the long talks of us all together again. One had leisure to work, too, at whatever play-work was in one's head, and that was usually full."[24]

Back in Lahore, 39 of his tales seemed within the Gazette between November 1886 and June 1887. Kipling incorporated most of them in Plain Tales from the Hills, his first prose collection, revealed in Calcutta in January 1888, a month after his 22nd birthday. Kipling's time in Lahore, then again, had come to an end. In November 1887, he used to be moved to the Gazette's larger sister newspaper, The Pioneer, in Allahabad within the United Provinces, the place he worked as assistant editor and lived in Belvedere House from 1888 to 1889.[29][30]

Rudyard Kipling (right) with his father John Lockwood Kipling (left), circa 1890

Kipling's writing persevered at a frenetic pace. In 1888, he printed six collections of short tales: Soldiers Three, The Story of the Gadsbys, In Black and White, Under the Deodars, The Phantom Rickshaw, and Wee Willie Winkie. These include a complete of 41 tales, some reasonably long. In addition, as The Pioneer's particular correspondent within the western region of Rajputana, he wrote many sketches that had been later gathered in Letters of Marque and revealed in From Sea to Sea and Other Sketches, Letters of Travel.[4]

Kipling was once discharged from The Pioneer in early 1889 after a dispute. By this time, he had been an increasing number of considering of his long term. He bought the rights to his six volumes of stories for £2 hundred and a small royalty, and the Plain Tales for £50; as well as, he gained six-months' salary from The Pioneer, in lieu of realize.[24]

Return to London

Kipling determined to use the money to move to London, as the literary centre of the British Empire. On 9 March 1889, he left India, travelling first to San Francisco by way of Rangoon, Singapore, Hong Kong and Japan. Kipling used to be favourably impressed by way of Japan, calling its other people "gracious folk and fair manners." [31]

Kipling later wrote that he "had lost his heart" to a geisha whom he referred to as O-Toyo, writing whilst within the United States right through the similar travel around the Pacific, "I had left the innocent East far behind.... Weeping softly for O-Toyo.... O-Toyo was a darling."[31] Kipling then travelled through the United States, writing articles for The Pioneer that have been later published in From Sea to Sea and Other Sketches, Letters of Travel.[32]

Starting his North American travels in San Francisco, Kipling went north to Portland, Oregon, then Seattle, Washington, up to Victoria and Vancouver, British Columbia, through Medicine Hat, Alberta, back into the USA to Yellowstone National Park, right down to Salt Lake City, then east to Omaha, Nebraska and on to Chicago, Illinois, then to Beaver, Pennsylvania on the Ohio River to visit the Hill circle of relatives. From there, he went to Chautauqua with Professor Hill, and later to Niagara Falls, Toronto, Washington, D.C., New York, and Boston.[32]

In the course of this journey he met Mark Twain in Elmira, New York, and was deeply impressed. Kipling arrived unannounced at Twain's house, and later wrote that as he rang the doorbell, "It occurred to me for the first time that Mark Twain might possibly have other engagements other than the entertainment of escaped lunatics from India, be they ever so full of admiration."[33]

A portrait of Kipling by John Collier, ca. 1891 Rudyard Kipling, by way of Bourne & Shepherd, Calcutta (1892)

As it was once, Twain gladly welcomed Kipling and had a two-hour conversation with him on tendencies in Anglo-American literature and about what Twain used to be going to write in a sequel to Tom Sawyer, with Twain assuring Kipling that a sequel was coming, even though he had not determined upon the finishing: both Sawyer could be elected to Congress or he can be hanged.[33] Twain additionally passed along the literary recommendation that an author will have to "get your facts first and then you can distort 'em as much as you please."[33] Twain, who slightly liked Kipling, later wrote in their assembly: "Between us, we cover all knowledge; he covers all that can be known and I cover the rest."[33] Kipling then crossed the Atlantic to Liverpool in October 1889. He quickly made his début in the London literary world, to nice acclaim.[3]

London

In London, Kipling had several tales permitted by way of magazines. He found a spot to are living for the following two years at Villiers Street, close to Charing Cross (in a constructing therefore named Kipling House):

Meantime, I had found me quarters in Villiers Street, Strand, which forty-six years in the past used to be primitive and passionate in its conduct and population. My rooms had been small, not over-clean or well-kept, but from my table I could glance out of my window in the course of the fanlight of Gatti's Music-Hall entrance, around the street, nearly on to its stage. The Charing Cross trains rumbled via my dreams on one side, the boom of the Strand on the other, while, sooner than my windows, Father Thames beneath the Shot tower walked up and down with his visitors.[34]

In the next two years, he printed a unique, The Light That Failed, had a worried breakdown, and met an American creator and publishing agent, Wolcott Balestier, with whom he collaborated on a unique, The Naulahka (a identify which he uncharacteristically misspelt; see beneath).[15] In 1891, as advised by way of his medical doctors, Kipling took another sea voyage, to South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, and as soon as once more India.[15] He lower short his plans to spend Christmas with his family in India when he heard of Balestier's unexpected death from typhoid fever and determined to go back to London in an instant. Before his return, he had used the telegram to suggest to, and be accredited by means of, Wolcott's sister, Caroline Starr Balestier (1862–1939), known as "Carrie", whom he had met a yr previous, and with whom he had it appears been having an intermittent romance.[15] Meanwhile, overdue in 1891, a collection of his short stories on the British in India, Life's Handicap, used to be revealed in London.[35]

On 18 January 1892, Carrie Balestier (aged 29) and Rudyard Kipling (elderly 26) married in London, within the "thick of an influenza epidemic, when the undertakers had run out of black horses and the dead had to be content with brown ones."[24] The marriage ceremony was once held at All Souls Church, Langham Place. Henry James gave away the bride.

United States Kipling in his study at Naulakha, Vermont, US, 1895.

Kipling and his wife settled upon a honeymoon that took them first to the United States (including a forestall at the Balestier family property close to Brattleboro, Vermont) and then to Japan.[15] On arriving in Yokohama, they came upon that their bank, The New Oriental Banking Corporation, had failed. Taking this loss of their stride, they returned to the U.S., back to Vermont – Carrie by means of this time was once pregnant with their first child – and rented a small cottage on a farm near Brattleboro for a month.[24] According to Kipling, "We furnished it with a simplicity that fore-ran the hire-purchase system. We bought, second or third hand, a huge, hot-air stove which we installed in the cellar. We cut generous holes in our thin floors for its eight-inch [20 cm] tin pipes (why we were not burned in our beds each week of the winter I never can understand) and we were extraordinarily and self-centredly content."[24]

In this house, which they known as Bliss Cottage, their first child, Josephine, was born "in three-foot of snow on the night of 29th December, 1892. Her Mother's birthday being the 31st and mine the 30th of the same month, we congratulated her on her sense of the fitness of things...."[24]

Rudyard Kipling's America 1892–1896, 1899

It was additionally on this cottage that the primary dawnings of The Jungle Books came to Kipling: "The workroom in the Bliss Cottage was seven feet by eight, and from December to April, the snow lay level with its window-sill. It chanced that I had written a tale about Indian Forestry work which included a boy who had been brought up by wolves. In the stillness, and suspense, of the winter of '92 some memory of the Masonic Lions of my childhood's magazine, and a phrase in Haggard's Nada the Lily, combined with the echo of this tale. After blocking out the main idea in my head, the pen took charge, and I watched it begin to write stories about Mowgli and animals, which later grew into the two Jungle Books."[24]

With Josephine's arrival, Bliss Cottage was once felt to be congested, so in the end the couple bought land – 10 acres (4.0 ha) on a rocky hillside overlooking the Connecticut River – from Carrie's brother Beatty Balestier and built their very own space. Kipling named this Naulakha, in honour of Wolcott and in their collaboration, and this time the name was spelt as it should be.[15] From his early years in Lahore (1882–87), Kipling had become enamoured with the Mughal architecture,[36] particularly the Naulakha pavilion located in Lahore Fort, which eventually impressed the name of his novel in addition to the home.[37] The space still stands on Kipling Road, three miles (5 km) north of Brattleboro in Dummerston, Vermont: a big, secluded, dark-green space, with shingled roof and aspects, which Kipling known as his "ship," and which brought him "sunshine and a mind at ease." [15] His seclusion in Vermont, mixed with his wholesome "sane clean life," made Kipling each ingenious and prolific.

In a mere four years he produced, in conjunction with the Jungle Books, a e-book of short tales (The Day's Work), a singular (Captains Courageous), and a great quantity of poetry, together with the quantity The Seven Seas. The number of Barrack-Room Ballads was once issued in March 1892, first published for my part for the most section in 1890, and contained his poems "Mandalay" and "Gunga Din." He particularly loved writing the Jungle Books and in addition corresponding with many kids who wrote to him about them.[15]

Life in New England Caroline Starr Balestier, portrait by Philip Burne-Jones

The writing existence in Naulakha was once once in a while interrupted through guests, including his father, who visited soon after his retirement in 1893,[15] and the British author Arthur Conan Doyle, who introduced his golf clubs, stayed for 2 days, and gave Kipling an extended golf lesson.[38][39] Kipling appeared to take to golf, now and again working towards with the local Congregational minister or even enjoying with red-painted balls when the bottom was once covered in snow.[13][39] However, winter golf used to be "not altogether a success because there were no limits to a drive; the ball might skid two miles (3 km) down the long slope to Connecticut river."[13]

Kipling cherished the outside,[15] now not least of whose marvels in Vermont was the turning of the leaves every fall. He described this second in a letter: "A little maple began it, flaming blood-red of a sudden where he stood against the dark green of a pine-belt. Next morning there was an answering signal from the swamp where the sumacs grow. Three days later, the hill-sides as fast as the eye could range were afire, and the roads paved, with crimson and gold. Then a wet wind blew, and ruined all the uniforms of that gorgeous army; and the oaks, who had held themselves in reserve, buckled on their dull and bronzed cuirasses and stood it out stiffly to the last blown leaf, till nothing remained but pencil-shadings of bare boughs, and one could see into the most private heart of the woods."[40]

The Kiplings' first daughter Josephine, 1895. She died of pneumonia in 1899 elderly 7.

In February 1896, Elsie Kipling was once born, the couple's second daughter. By this time, in step with several biographers, their marital dating was once not light-hearted and spontaneous.[41] Although they'd at all times remain loyal to one another, they seemed now to have fallen into set roles.[15] In a letter to a chum who had develop into engaged round this time, the 30‑year‑old Kipling offered this sombre counsel: marriage mainly taught "the tougher virtues – such as humility, restraint, order, and forethought."[42] Later in the same yr, he temporarily taught at Bishop's College School in Quebec, Canada.[43]

The Kiplings loved lifestyles in Vermont and may have lived out their lives there, were it now not for two incidents – one in all global politics, the opposite of circle of relatives discord. By the early 1890s, the United Kingdom and Venezuela were in a border dispute involving British Guiana. The U.S. had made a number of provides to arbitrate, however in 1895, the brand new American Secretary of State Richard Olney upped the ante by arguing for the American "right" to arbitrate on grounds of sovereignty at the continent (see the Olney interpretation as an extension of the Monroe Doctrine).[15] This raised hackles in Britain, and the location grew into a significant Anglo-American disaster, with communicate of conflict on all sides.

Although the disaster eased into larger United States–British co-operation, Kipling was once bewildered by what he felt was once chronic anti-British sentiment in the U.S., particularly in the press.[15] He wrote in a letter that it felt like being "aimed at with a decanter across a friendly dinner table."[42] By January 1896, he had determined[13] to end his circle of relatives's "good wholesome life" within the U.S. and seek their fortunes in other places.

A family dispute was the final straw. For some time, members of the family between Carrie and her brother Beatty Balestier were strained, owing to his consuming and insolvency. In May 1896, an drunk Beatty encountered Kipling on the street and threatened him with bodily harm.[15] The incident resulted in Beatty's eventual arrest, but in the subsequent listening to and the resulting exposure, Kipling's privacy was destroyed, and he was once left feeling depressing and exhausted. In July 1896, a week ahead of the listening to used to be to resume, the Kiplings packed their property, left the United States and returned to England.[13]

Kipling's Torquay house, with an English heritage blue plaque on the wall. Devon

By September 1896, the Kiplings had been in Torquay, Devon, on the south-western coast of England, in a hillside house overlooking the English Channel. Although Kipling didn't a lot deal with his new house, whose design, he claimed, left its occupants feeling dispirited and gloomy, he controlled to remain productive and socially energetic.[15]

Kipling used to be now a well-known guy, and in the previous two or 3 years had increasingly been making political pronouncements in his writings. The Kiplings had welcomed their first son, John, in August 1897. Kipling had begun paintings on two poems, "Recessional" (1897) and "The White Man's Burden" (1899), which have been to create controversy when published. Regarded by means of some as anthems for enlightened and duty-bound empire-building (capturing the temper of the Victorian period), the poems had been seen by way of others as propaganda for brazen-faced imperialism and its attendant racial attitudes; still others saw irony within the poems and warnings of the perils of empire.[15]

Take up the White Man's burden— Send forth the most efficient ye breed— Go, bind your sons to exile To serve your captives' want; To wait, in heavy harness, On fluttered people and wild— Your new-caught sullen peoples, Half devil and part child. —The White Man's Burden[44]

There was once additionally foreboding in the poems, a sense that every one may yet come to naught.[45]

Far-called, our navies soften away; On dune and headland sinks the fire: Lo, all our pomp of the day prior to this Is one with Nineveh and Tyre! Judge of the Nations, spare us yet. Lest we overlook – lest we put out of your mind! —Recessional[46]

A prolific creator all over his time in Torquay, he also wrote Stalky & Co., a collection of school stories (born of his experience on the United Services College in Westward Ho!), whose juvenile protagonists show a know-it-all, cynical outlook on patriotism and authority. According to his family, Kipling enjoyed reading aloud tales from Stalky & Co. to them and frequently went into spasms of laughter over his own jokes.[15]

Visits to South Africa H.A. Gwynne, Julian Ralph, Perceval Landon, and Rudyard Kipling in South Africa, 1900–1901.

In early 1898, the Kiplings travelled to South Africa for their wintry weather holiday, so starting an annual tradition which (with the exception of the next yr) would ultimate until 1908. They would stay in "The Woolsack," a house on Cecil Rhodes's estate at Groote Schuur (now a student residence for the University of Cape Town), inside walking distance of Rhodes' mansion.[47]

With his new recognition as Poet of the Empire, Kipling used to be warmly gained by one of the most influential politicians of the Cape Colony, together with Rhodes, Sir Alfred Milner, and Leander Starr Jameson. Kipling cultivated their friendship and came to respect the men and their politics. The period 1898–1910 was once an important within the historical past of South Africa and included the Second Boer War (1899–1902), the following peace treaty, and the 1910 formation of the Union of South Africa. Back in England, Kipling wrote poetry in improve of the British motive within the Boer War and on his subsequent visit to South Africa in early 1900, became a correspondent for The Friend newspaper in Bloemfontein, which had been commandeered by Lord Roberts for British troops.[48]

Although his journalistic stint used to be to remaining simplest two weeks, it was Kipling's first paintings on a newspaper group of workers since he left The Pioneer in Allahabad greater than ten years prior to.[15] At The Friend, he made lifelong friendships with Perceval Landon, H. A. Gwynne, and others.[49] He additionally wrote articles printed more broadly expressing his views on the conflict.[50] Kipling penned an inscription for the Honoured Dead Memorial (Siege memorial) in Kimberley.

Sussex Kipling at his desk, 1899. Portrait via his cousin, Sir Philip Burne-Jones

In 1897, Kipling moved from Torquay to Rottingdean, near Brighton, East Sussex – first to North End House after which to the Elms.[51] In 1902, Kipling bought Bateman's, a space built in 1634 and positioned in rural Burwash.

Bateman's used to be Kipling's house from 1902 until his demise in 1936.[52] The space and its surrounding buildings, the mill and 33 acres (13 ha), had been bought for £9,300. It had no rest room, no operating water upstairs and no electricity, however Kipling cherished it: "Behold us, lawful owners of a grey stone lichened house – A.D. 1634 over the door – beamed, panelled, with old oak staircase, and all untouched and unfaked. It is a good and peaceable place. We have loved it ever since our first sight of it" (from a November 1902 letter).[53][54]

In the non-fiction realm, he was involved in the debate over the British response to the rise in German naval power known as the Tirpitz Plan, to build a fleet to problem the Royal Navy, publishing a series of articles in 1898 accrued as A Fleet in Being. On a seek advice from to the United States in 1899, Kipling and his daughter Josephine advanced pneumonia, from which she eventually died.

("Kim's Gun" as seen in 1903) "He sat in defiance of municipal orders, astride the gun Zam-Zammeh, on her old platform, opposite the old Ajaibgher, the Wonder House, as the natives called the Lahore Museum."-Kim

In the wake of his daughter's loss of life, Kipling focused on gathering subject material for what became Just So Stories for Little Children, published in 1902, the 12 months after Kim.[55] The American literary pupil David Scott has argued that Kim disproves the declare by means of Edward Said about Kipling as a promoter of Orientalism as Kipling – who used to be deeply all for Buddhism – as he introduced Tibetan Buddhism in a fairly sympathetic gentle and aspects of the novel gave the impression to replicate a Buddhist understanding of the universe.[56][57] Kipling was once angry through the German Emperor Wilhelm II's Hun speech (Hunnenrede) in 1900, urging German troops being sent to China to overwhelm the Boxer Rebellion to act like "Huns" and take no prisoners.[58]

In a 1902 poem, The Rowers, Kipling attacked the Kaiser as a threat to Britain and made the primary use of the time period "Hun" as an anti-German insult, using Wilhelm's own words and the movements of German troops in China to portray Germans as necessarily barbarian.[58] In an interview with the French newspaper Le Figaro, the Francophile Kipling referred to as Germany a risk and referred to as for an Anglo-French alliance to forestall it.[58] In every other letter on the similar time, Kipling described the "unfrei peoples of Central Europe" as living in "the Middle Ages with machine guns." [58]

Speculative fiction

Kipling wrote a lot of speculative fiction brief stories, together with "The Army of a Dream," by which he sought to show a more efficient and accountable military than the hereditary bureaucracy of England at the time, and two science fiction tales: "With the Night Mail" (1905) and "As Easy As A.B.C." (1912). Both were set within the 21st century in Kipling's Aerial Board of Control universe. They read like fashionable laborious science fiction,[59] and presented the literary method referred to as oblique exposition, which would later become one of science fiction author Robert Heinlein's hallmarks. This method is one who Kipling picked up in India, and used to unravel the problem of his English readers not figuring out much about Indian society, when writing The Jungle Book.[60]

Nobel laureate and past

In 1907, he used to be awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature, having been nominated in that 12 months by way of Charles Oman, professor at the University of Oxford.[61] The prize citation said it used to be "in consideration of the power of observation, originality of imagination, virility of ideas and remarkable talent for narration which characterize the creations of this world-famous author." Nobel prizes were established in 1901 and Kipling was once the primary English-language recipient. At the award rite in Stockholm on 10 December 1907, the Permanent Secretary of the Swedish Academy, Carl David af Wirsén, praised each Kipling and 3 centuries of English literature:

The Swedish Academy, in awarding the Nobel Prize in Literature this 12 months to Rudyard Kipling, desires to pay a tribute of homage to the literature of England, so wealthy in manifold glories, and to the best genius within the realm of narrative that that country has produced in our occasions.[62]

To "book-end" this fulfillment came the e-newsletter of two connected poetry and story collections: Puck of Pook's Hill (1906), and Rewards and Fairies (1910). The latter contained the poem "If—." In a 1995 BBC opinion poll, it was once voted the UK's favourite poem.[63] This exhortation to self-discipline and stoicism is arguably Kipling's most famed poem.[63]

Rudyard Kipling via George Wylie Hutchinson

Such was Kipling's reputation that he was asked through his pal Max Aitken to interfere within the 1911 Canadian election on behalf of the Conservatives.[64] In 1911, the foremost issue in Canada used to be a reciprocity treaty with the United States signed via the Liberal Prime Minister Sir Wilfrid Laurier and vigorously adversarial by the Conservatives beneath Sir Robert Borden. On 7 September 1911, the Montreal Daily Star newspaper revealed a front-page attraction towards the settlement by way of Kipling, who wrote: "It is her own soul that Canada risks today. Once that soul is pawned for any consideration, Canada must inevitably conform to the commercial, legal, financial, social, and ethical standards which will be imposed on her by the sheer admitted weight of the United States."[64] At the time, the Montreal Daily Star used to be Canada's most learn newspaper. Over the following week, Kipling's appeal was once reprinted in each English newspaper in Canada and is credited with helping to show Canadian public opinion against the Liberal govt.[64]

Kipling sympathised with the anti-Home Rule stance of Irish Unionists, who adversarial Irish autonomy. He was once friends with Edward Carson, the Dublin-born chief of Ulster Unionism, who raised the Ulster Volunteers to forestall Home Rule in Ireland. Kipling wrote in a letter to a chum that Ireland used to be now not a country, and that earlier than the English arrived in 1169, the Irish had been a gang of farm animals thieves living in savagery and killing each and every different while "writing dreary poems" about all of it. In his view it used to be simplest British rule that allowed Ireland to advance.[65] A seek advice from to Ireland in 1911 showed Kipling's prejudices. He wrote that the Irish countryside was gorgeous, but spoiled through what he referred to as the unsightly houses of Irish farmers, with Kipling including that God had made the Irish into poets having "deprived them of love of line or knowledge of colour." [66] In contrast, Kipling had nothing but reward for the "decent folk" of the Protestant minority and Unionist Ulster, loose from the specter of "constant mob violence".[66]

Kipling wrote the poem "Ulster" in 1912, reflecting his Unionist politics. Kipling ceaselessly referred to the Irish Unionists as "our party." [67] Kipling had no sympathy or figuring out for Irish nationalism, seeing Home Rule as an act of treason via the government of the Liberal Prime Minister H. H. Asquith that would plunge Ireland into the Dark Ages and allow the Irish Catholic majority to oppress the Protestant minority.[68] The student David Gilmour wrote that Kipling's lack of understanding of Ireland might be noticed in his attack on John Redmond – the Anglophile leader of the Irish Parliamentary Party who wanted Home Rule because he believed it used to be one of the simplest ways of conserving the United Kingdom together – as a traitor running to break up the United Kingdom.[69]Ulster was once first publicly learn at an Unionist rally in Belfast, the place the most important Union Jack ever made used to be unfolded.[69] Kipling admitted it was once intended to strike a "hard blow" in opposition to the Asquith govt's Home Rule invoice: "Rebellion, rapine, hate, Oppression, wrong and greed, Are loosed to rule our fate, By England's act and deed." [66]Ulster generated a lot controversy with the Conservative MP Sir Mark Sykes – who as a Unionist was once adversarial to the Home Rule invoice – condemning Ulster in The Morning Post as a "direct appeal to ignorance and a deliberate attempt to foster religious hate." [69]

Kipling was once a staunch opponent of Bolshevism, a place which he shared with his friend Henry Rider Haggard. The two had bonded on Kipling's arrival in London in 1889 largely due to their shared critiques, and remained lifelong buddies.

Freemasonry

According to the English magazine Masonic Illustrated, Kipling was a Freemason in about 1885, prior to the standard minimum age of 21,[70] being initiated into Hope and Perseverance Lodge No. 782 in Lahore. He later wrote to The Times, "I was Secretary for some years of the Lodge... which included Brethren of at least four creeds. I was entered [as an Apprentice] by a member from Brahmo Somaj, a Hindu, passed [to the degree of Fellow Craft] by a Mohammedan, and raised [to the degree of Master Mason] by an Englishman. Our Tyler was an Indian Jew." Kipling gained not simplest the three degrees of Craft Masonry but additionally the facet degrees of Mark Master Mason and Royal Ark Mariner.[71]

Kipling so loved his Masonic experience that he memorialised its beliefs in his poem "The Mother Lodge," [70] and used the fraternity and its symbols as essential plot units in his novella The Man Who Would Be King.[72]

First World War (1914–1918)

At the start of the First World War, like many different writers, Kipling wrote pamphlets and poems enthusiastically supporting the UK warfare goals of restoring Belgium, after it were occupied through Germany, in conjunction with generalised statements that Britain used to be standing up for the reason for just right. In September 1914, Kipling was asked by the government to write down propaganda, an be offering that he approved.[73] Kipling's pamphlets and tales have been well-liked by the British other people all the way through the war, his primary issues being to glorify the British military as the position for heroic males to be, while bringing up German atrocities in opposition to Belgian civilians and the tales of women brutalised by a horrific war unleashed by way of Germany, but surviving and triumphing in spite of their struggling.[73]

Kipling was enraged by experiences of the Rape of Belgium along side the sinking of the RMS Lusitania in 1915, which he saw as a deeply inhumane act, which led him to see the war as a crusade for civilisation against barbarism.[74] In a 1915 speech, Kipling declared, "There was no crime, no cruelty, no abomination that the mind of men can conceive of which the German has not perpetrated, is not perpetrating, and will not perpetrate if he is allowed to go on.... Today, there are only two divisions in the world... human beings and Germans."[74]

Alongside his passionate antipathy against Germany, Kipling was once privately deeply crucial of the way the warfare used to be being fought via the British Army, complaining as early as October 1914 that Germany must have been defeated by way of now, and one thing will have to be fallacious with the British Army.[75] Kipling, who was once stunned through the heavy losses that the British Expeditionary Force had taken via the fall of 1914, blamed all the pre-war technology of British politicians who, he argued, had failed to be told the teachings of the Boer War. Thus thousands of British soldiers have been now paying with their lives for their failure within the fields of France and Belgium.[75]

Kipling had scorn for males who shirked duty within the First World War. In "The New Army in Training"[76] (1915), Kipling concluded by way of announcing:

This much we can realise, even supposing we are so close to it, the old protected intuition saves us from triumph and exultation. But what would be the place in years to come of the younger man who has deliberately elected to outcaste himself from this all-embracing brotherhood? What of his circle of relatives, and, above all, what of his descendants, when the books have been closed and the last stability struck of sacrifice and sorrow in every hamlet, village, parish, suburb, town, shire, district, province, and Dominion during the Empire?

In 1914, Kipling was considered one of 53 main British authors — a host that incorporated H. G. Wells, Arthur Conan Doyle and Thomas Hardy — who signed their names to the "Authors' Declaration." This manifesto declared that the German invasion of Belgium have been a brutal crime, and that Britain "may not without dishonour have refused to participate in the provide battle."[77]

Death of John Kipling 2d Lt John Kipling Memorial to 2nd Lt John Kipling in Burwash Parish Church, Sussex, England

Kipling's son John used to be killed in motion on the Battle of Loos in September 1915, at age 18. John to start with sought after to join the Royal Navy, however having had his utility grew to become down after a failed medical examination due to poor eyesight, he opted to use for military service as an army officer. Again, his eyesight was once a subject matter during the clinical exam. In fact, he attempted two times to enlist, however was once rejected. His father were lifelong buddies with Lord Roberts, former commander-in-chief of the British Army, and colonel of the Irish Guards, and at Rudyard's request, John was once accredited into the Irish Guards.[73]

John Kipling was once despatched to Loos two days into the combat in a reinforcement contingent. He used to be remaining seen stumbling throughout the mud blindly, with a possible facial injury. A body identified as his was once present in 1992, even supposing that id has been challenged.[78][79][80] In 2015, the Commonwealth War Grave Commission confirmed that it had appropriately known the burial position of John Kipling;[81] they document his date of loss of life as 27 September 1915, and that he is buried at St Mary's A.D.S. Cemetery, Haisnes.[82]

After his son's dying, in a poem titled "Epitaphs of the War," Kipling wrote "If any question why we died / Tell them, because our fathers lied." Critics have speculated that these words may categorical Kipling's guilt over his role in arranging John's commission.[83] Professor Tracy Bilsing contends that the road refers to Kipling's disgust that British leaders failed to be told the teachings of the Boer War, and were unprepared for the battle with Germany in 1914, with the "lie" of the "fathers" being that the British Army used to be prepared for any struggle when it was once no longer.[73]

John's dying has been connected to Kipling's 1916 poem "My Boy Jack," particularly within the play My Boy Jack and its next tv adaptation, in conjunction with the documentary Rudyard Kipling: A Remembrance Tale. However, the poem was once in the beginning published at the head of a tale about the Battle of Jutland and looks to check with a demise at sea; the "Jack" referred to is probably a generic "Jack Tar." [84] In the Kipling circle of relatives, Jack used to be the title of the family canine, while John Kipling was at all times John, making the id of the protagonist of "My Boy Jack" with John Kipling quite questionable. However, Kipling was certainly emotionally devastated by way of the dying of his son. He is alleged to have assuaged his grief by way of reading the novels of Jane Austen aloud to his spouse and daughter.[85] During the battle, he wrote a booklet The Fringes of the Fleet[86] containing essays and poems on various nautical subjects of the conflict. Some of those have been set to tune by the English composer Edward Elgar.

Kipling was pals with a French soldier named Maurice Hammoneau, whose lifestyles had been saved within the First World War when his replica of Kim, which he had in his left breast pocket, stopped a bullet. Hammoneau presented Kipling with the guide, with bullet still embedded, and his Croix de Guerre as a token of gratitude. They persevered to correspond, and when Hammoneau had a son, Kipling insisted on returning the guide and medal.[87]

On 1 August 1918, the poem "The Old Volunteer" gave the impression below his name in The Times. The next day, he wrote to the newspaper to deny authorship and a correction gave the impression. Although The Times employed a non-public detective to analyze, the detective appears to have suspected Kipling himself of being the writer, and the identification of the hoaxer was once by no means established.[88]

After the warfare (1918–1936)

Kipling, aged 60, on the cover of Time magazine, 27 September 1926.

Partly in response to John's death, Kipling joined Sir Fabian Ware's Imperial War Graves Commission (now the Commonwealth War Graves Commission), the crowd responsible for the garden-like British struggle graves that may be found to nowadays dotted alongside the former Western Front and the other puts on this planet the place British Empire troops lie buried. His primary contributions to the undertaking have been his choice of the biblical word, "Their Name Liveth For Evermore" (Ecclesiasticus 44.14, KJV), discovered on the Stones of Remembrance in larger warfare cemeteries, and his recommendation of the word "Known unto God" for the gravestones of unidentified servicemen. He also selected the inscription "The Glorious Dead" on the Cenotaph, Whitehall, London. Additionally, he wrote a two-volume historical past of the Irish Guards, his son's regiment, printed in 1923 and observed as one of the best examples of regimental history.[89]

Kipling's short tale "The Gardener" depicts visits to the struggle cemeteries, and the poem "The King's Pilgrimage" (1922) a adventure which King George V made, traveling the cemeteries and memorials under building via the Imperial War Graves Commission. With the expanding approval for the automobile, Kipling was a motoring correspondent for the British press, writing enthusiastically of trips round England and out of the country, though he was once in most cases driven through a chauffeur.

After the warfare, Kipling used to be sceptical of the Fourteen Points and the League of Nations, however had hopes that the United States would abandon isolationism and the post-war global be ruled by means of an Anglo-French-American alliance.[90] He hoped the United States would take on a League of Nations mandate for Armenia as the best way of preventing isolationism, and was hoping that Theodore Roosevelt, whom Kipling admired, would again grow to be president.[90] Kipling was saddened by Roosevelt's death in 1919, believing him to be the one American baby-kisser able to protecting the United States within the "game" of worldwide politics.[91]

Kipling used to be antagonistic in opposition to communism, writing of the Bolshevik take-over in 1917 that one 6th of the area had "passed bodily out of civilization."[92] In a 1918 poem, Kipling wrote of Soviet Russia that the entirety excellent in Russia had been destroyed by means of the Bolsheviks – all that was once left used to be "the sound of weeping and the sight of burning fire, and the shadow of a people trampled into the mire." [92]

In 1920, Kipling co-founded the Liberty League[93] with Haggard and Lord Sydenham. This short-lived endeavor keen on selling vintage liberal beliefs as a reaction to the rising energy of communist dispositions within Great Britain, or as Kipling put it, "to combat the advance of Bolshevism." [94][95]

Kipling (second from left) as rector of the University of St Andrews, Scotland in 1923

In 1922, Kipling, having referred to the paintings of engineers in some of his poems, reminiscent of "The Sons of Martha," "Sappers," and "McAndrew's Hymn," [96] and in other writings, together with short-story anthologies similar to The Day's Work,[97] was once asked by a University of Toronto civil engineering professor, Herbert E. T. Haultain, for assistance in growing a dignified obligation and rite for graduating engineering scholars. Kipling used to be enthusiastic in his reaction and in a while produced each, officially titled "The Ritual of the Calling of an Engineer." Today engineering graduates all throughout Canada are presented with an iron ring at a ceremony to remind them of their legal responsibility to society.[98][99] In 1922 Kipling became Lord Rector of St Andrews University in Scotland, a three-year place.

Kipling, as a Francophile, argued strongly for an Anglo-French alliance to uphold the peace, calling Britain and France in 1920 the "twin fortresses of European civilization." [100] Similarly, Kipling time and again warned towards revising the Treaty of Versailles in Germany's favour, which he predicted would lead to a brand new international struggle.[100] An admirer of Raymond Poincaré, Kipling was once considered one of few British intellectuals who supported the French Occupation of the Ruhr in 1923, at a time when the British executive and maximum public opinion was in opposition to the French place.[101] In contrast to the preferred British view of Poincaré as a merciless bully intent on impoverishing Germany with unreasonable reparations, Kipling argued that he was once rightfully trying to maintain France as a really perfect power in the face of an unfavourable state of affairs.[101] Kipling argued that even sooner than 1914, Germany's greater economic system and higher start charge had made that nation stronger than France; with a lot of France devastated by battle and the French suffering heavy losses intended that its low birth fee would give it trouble, whilst Germany was once mostly undamaged and nonetheless with the next delivery fee. So he reasoned that the longer term would deliver German domination if Versailles had been revised in Germany's favour, and it was madness for Britain to press France to do so.[101]

Kipling late in his existence, portrait via Elliott & Fry.

In 1924, Kipling was antagonistic to the Labour government of Ramsay MacDonald as "Bolshevism without bullets." He believed that Labour was once a communist front organisation, and "excited orders and instructions from Moscow" would divulge Labour as such to the British people.[102] Kipling's views have been at the appropriate. Though he admired Benito Mussolini to some degree in the 1920s, he was towards fascism, calling Oswald Mosley was "a bounder and an arriviste." By 1935, he was once calling Mussolini a deranged and threatening egomaniac and in 1933 wrote, "The Hitlerites are out for blood." [103]

Despite his anti-communism, the primary main translations of Kipling into Russian happened under Lenin's rule within the early Twenties, and Kipling was once well liked by Russian readers in the interwar period. Many younger Russian poets and writers, reminiscent of Konstantin Simonov, have been influenced via him.[104] Kipling's clarity of style, use of colloquial language and employment of rhythm and rhyme had been observed as primary innovations in poetry that appealed to many younger Russian poets.[105] Though it used to be obligatory for Soviet journals to begin translations of Kipling with an attack on him as a "fascist" and an "imperialist," such was Kipling's reputation with Russian readers that his works were not banned in the Soviet Union till 1939, with the signing of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact.[104] The ban was once lifted in 1941 after Operation Barbarossa, when Britain transform a Soviet best friend, but imposed for good with the Cold War in 1946.[106]

A left-facing swastika in 1911, a symbol of excellent success Covers of 2 of Kipling's books from 1919 (l) and 1930 (r) showing the removing of the swastika

Many older editions of Rudyard Kipling's books have a swastika imprinted on the cover, related to an image of an elephant wearing a lotus flower, reflecting the affect of Indian tradition. Kipling's use of the swastika was once in keeping with the Indian solar symbol conferring just right success and the Sanskrit word which means "fortunate" or "well-being."[107] He used the swastika symbol in both correct and left-facing bureaucracy, and it was basically use by means of others at the time.[108][109]

In a notice to Edward Bok after the dying of Lockwood Kipling in 1911, Rudyard said: "I am sending with this for your acceptance, as some little memory of my father to whom you were so kind, the original of one of the plaques that he used to make for me. I thought it being the Swastika would be appropriate for your Swastika. May it bring you even more good fortune."[107] Once Adolf Hitler and the Nazis got here to energy and usurped the swastika, Kipling ordered that it will have to not decorate his books.[107] Less than a year prior to his dying, Kipling gave a speech (titled "An Undefended Island") to the Royal Society of St George on 6 May 1935, caution of the chance which Nazi Germany posed to Britain.[110]

Kipling scripted the primary Royal Christmas Message, delivered by the use of the BBC's Empire Service by way of George V in 1932.[111][112] In 1934, he revealed a short story in The Strand Magazine, "Proofs of Holy Writ," postulating that William Shakespeare had helped to polish the prose of the King James Bible.[113]

Death

Kipling stored writing till the early Nineteen Thirties, but at a slower pace and with much less luck than ahead of. On the night time of 12 January 1936, he suffered a haemorrhage in his small intestine. He underwent surgical treatment, but died at Middlesex Hospital not up to every week afterward 18 January 1936, at the age of 70, of a perforated duodenal ulcer.[114][115][116] His dying had up to now been incorrectly announced in a magazine, to which he wrote, "I've just read that I am dead. Don't forget to delete me from your list of subscribers."[117]

The pallbearers at the funeral included Kipling's cousin, Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin, and the marble casket was covered by means of a Union Jack.[118] Kipling was once cremated at Golders Green Crematorium in north-west London, and his ashes interred at Poets' Corner, a part of the South Transept of Westminster Abbey, subsequent to the graves of Charles Dickens and Thomas Hardy.[118] Kipling's will used to be proven on 6 April, with his estate valued at £168,141 2s. 11d. (kind of similar to £11,508,703 in 2019[119]).[120]

Legacy

In 2010, the International Astronomical Union licensed the naming of a crater on the earth Mercury after Kipling – one of ten newly discovered impact craters observed through the MESSENGER spacecraft in 2008–2009.[121] In 2012, an extinct species of crocodile, Goniopholis kiplingi, was once named in his honour "in recognition for his enthusiasm for natural sciences." [122]

More than 50 unpublished poems by means of Kipling, came upon by the American scholar Thomas Pinney, were launched for the primary time in March 2013.[123]

Kipling's writing has strongly influenced that of others. His stories for adults stay in print and feature garnered top praise from writers as other as Poul Anderson, Jorge Luis Borges, and Randall Jarrell, who wrote: "After you have read Kipling's fifty or seventy-five best stories you realize that few men have written this many stories of this much merit, and that very few have written more and better stories."[124]

His kids's stories remain common and his Jungle Books made into a number of films. The first was made via manufacturer Alexander Korda. Other movies had been produced by The Walt Disney Company. A number of his poems were set to tune by way of Percy Grainger. A chain of brief films in accordance with some of his stories was once broadcast by way of the BBC in 1964.[125] Kipling's work continues to be common lately.

The poet T. S. Eliot edited A Choice of Kipling's Verse (1941) with an introductory essay.[126] Eliot used to be conscious about the lawsuits that were levelled towards Kipling and he brushed aside them one by one: that Kipling is "a Tory" the use of his verse to transmit correct wing political views, or "a journalist" pandering to well-liked style; whilst Eliot writes: "I cannot find any justification for the charge that he held a doctrine of race superiority."[127] Eliot unearths instead:

An immense present for the usage of phrases, an awesome curiosity and power of commentary with his thoughts and with all his senses, the masks of the entertainer, and past that a queer gift of second sight, of transmitting messages from in different places, a gift so disconcerting when we are made aware of it that thenceforth we are by no means sure when it isn't present: all this makes Kipling a writer unattainable wholly to understand and slightly unattainable to belittle.

— T.S. Eliot[128]

Of Kipling's verse, corresponding to his Barrack-Room Ballads, Eliot writes "of a number of poets who have written great poetry, only... a very few whom I should call great verse writers. And unless I am mistaken, Kipling's position in this class is not only high, but unique."[129]

In response to Eliot, George Orwell wrote a protracted attention of Kipling's paintings for Horizon in 1942, noting that despite the fact that as a "jingo imperialist" Kipling was "morally insensitive and aesthetically disgusting," his paintings had many qualities which ensured that whilst "every enlightened person has despised him... nine-tenths of those enlightened persons are forgotten and Kipling is in some sense still there.":

One reason for Kipling's energy [was] his sense of duty, which made it conceivable for him to have a world-view, despite the fact that it came about to be a false one. Although he had no direct connexion with any political party, Kipling used to be a Conservative, a factor that does not exist nowadays. Those who now name themselves Conservatives are either Liberals, Fascists or the accomplices of Fascists. He known himself with the ruling energy and no longer with the opposition. In a talented creator this turns out to us abnormal and even disgusting, nevertheless it did have the advantage of giving Kipling a undeniable grip on truth. The ruling energy is always faced with the question, 'In such and such instances, what would you do?', whereas the opposition is not obliged to take duty or make any real choices. Where it is a everlasting and pensioned opposition, as in England, the quality of its idea deteriorates accordingly. Moreover, someone who begins out with a pessimistic, reactionary view of life tends to be justified by means of events, for Utopia never arrives and 'the gods of the copybook headings', as Kipling himself put it, at all times return. Kipling sold out to the British governing elegance, no longer financially however emotionally. This warped his political judgement, for the British ruling class weren't what he imagined, and it led him into abysses of folly and snobbery, however he received a corresponding benefit from having no less than tried to imagine what action and duty are like. It is a brilliant factor in his favour that he is no longer witty, now not 'bold', has no wish to épater les bourgeois. He dealt largely in platitudes, and because we live in a worldwide of platitudes, a lot of what he mentioned sticks. Even his worst follies seem much less shallow and not more frustrating than the 'enlightened' utterances of the same duration, equivalent to Wilde's epigrams or the selection of cracker-mottoes at the finish of Man and Superman.

— George Orwell[130]

In 1939, the poet W.H. Auden celebrated Kipling in a in a similar way ambiguous way in his elegy for William Butler Yeats. Auden deleted this segment from more moderen editions of his poems.

Time, that is intolerant Of the courageous and innocent, And detached in every week To a ravishing body,

Worships language, and forgives Everyone via whom it lives; Pardons cowardice, conceit, Lays its honours at his feet.

Time, that with this bizarre excuse, Pardons Kipling and his views, And will pardon Paul Claudel, Pardons him for writing properly.[131]

The poet Alison Brackenbury writes "Kipling is poetry's Dickens, an outsider and journalist with an unrivalled ear for sound and speech."[132]

The English folk singer Peter Bellamy used to be a lover of Kipling's poetry, a lot of which he believed to have been influenced by means of English conventional people bureaucracy. He recorded several albums of Kipling's verse set to standard airs, or to tunes of his own composition written in traditional style.[133] However, relating to the bawdy folk tune, "The Bastard King of England," which is repeatedly credited to Kipling, it's believed that the track is if truth be told misattributed.[134]

Kipling continuously is quoted in discussions of contemporary British political and social problems. In 1911, Kipling wrote the poem "The Reeds of Runnymede" that celebrated Magna Carta, and summoned up a vision of the "stubborn Englishry" made up our minds to shield their rights. In 1996, the next verses of the poem had been quoted through former Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher warning towards the encroachment of the European Union on national sovereignty:

At Runnymede, at Runnymede, Oh, pay attention the reeds at Runnymede: 'You musn't sell, prolong, deny, A freeman's correct or liberty. It wakes the cussed Englishry, We saw 'em roused at Runnymede!

… And nonetheless when Mob or Monarch lays Too rude a hand on English techniques, The whisper wakes, the shudder performs, Across the reeds at Runnymede. And Thames, that is aware of the mood of kings, And crowds and clergymen and suchlike issues, Rolls deep and dreadful as he brings Their caution down from Runnymede![135]

Political singer-songwriter Billy Bragg, who attempts to construct a left-wing English nationalism by contrast with the more common right-wing English nationalism, has attempted to 'reclaim' Kipling for an inclusive sense of Englishness.[136] Kipling's enduring relevance has been famous within the United States, as it has grow to be fascinated with Afghanistan and other spaces about which he wrote.[137][138][139]

Links with camping and scouting

In 1903, Kipling gave permission to Elizabeth Ford Holt to borrow subject matters from the Jungle Books to determine Camp Mowglis, a summer season camp for boys on the shores of Newfound Lake in New Hampshire. Throughout their lives, Kipling and his wife Carrie maintained an active hobby in Camp Mowglis, which still continues the traditions that Kipling impressed. Buildings at Mowglis have names reminiscent of Akela, Toomai, Baloo, and Panther. The campers are referred to as "the Pack," from the youngest "Cubs" to the oldest residing in "Den."[140]

Kipling's hyperlinks with the Scouting movements were also sturdy. Robert Baden-Powell, founding father of Scouting, used many topics from Jungle Book stories and Kim in putting in his junior Wolf Cubs. These ties nonetheless exist, comparable to the recognition of "Kim's Game." The movement is called after Mowgli's followed wolf circle of relatives, and grownup helpers of Wolf Cub Packs take names from The Jungle Book, particularly the grownup leader known as Akela after the leader of the Seeonee wolf pack.[141]

Kipling's Burwash house Bateman's, Kipling's liked home – which he referred to as "A good and peaceable place" – in Burwash, East Sussex, is now a public museum devoted to the writer[142]

After the dying of Kipling's wife in 1939, his space, Bateman's in Burwash, East Sussex, the place he had lived from 1902 until 1936, was once bequeathed to the National Trust. It is now a public museum devoted to the writer. Elsie Bambridge, his handiest kid who lived to maturity, died childless in 1976, and bequeathed her copyrights to the National Trust, which in flip donated them to the University of Sussex to ensure better public access.[143]

Novelist and poet Sir Kingsley Amis wrote a poem, "Kipling at Bateman's," after visiting Burwash (the place Amis's father lived briefly within the Sixties) as a part of a BBC television collection on writers and their houses.[144]

In 2003, actor Ralph Fiennes read excerpts from Kipling's works from the learn about in Bateman's, together with The Jungle Book, Something of Myself, Kim, and The Just So Stories, and poems, including "If ..." and "My Boy Jack," for a CD printed through the National Trust.[145][146]

Reputation in India

In modern-day India, whence he drew much of his subject material, Kipling's reputation stays debatable, especially among fashionable nationalists and a few post-colonial critics. Rudyard Kipling was once a prominent supporter of Colonel Reginald Dyer, who was liable for the Jallianwala Bagh massacre in Amritsar (within the province of Punjab). Kipling called Dyer "the man who saved India" and initiated collections for the latter's homecoming prize.[147] However, Subhash Chopra writes in his e-book Kipling Sahib – the Raj Patriot that the convenience fund was started by means of The Morning Post newspaper, not via Kipling, and that Kipling made no contribution to the Dyer fund. While Kipling's name used to be conspicuously absent from the record of donors as revealed in The Morning Post, he obviously admired Dyer.[148]

Other fresh Indian intellectuals equivalent to Ashis Nandy have taken a more nuanced view. Jawaharlal Nehru, the first high minister of impartial India, ceaselessly described Kipling's novel Kim as one in all his favourite books.[149][150]

G.V. Desani, an Indian writer of fiction, had a more negative opinion of Kipling. He alludes to Kipling in his novel All About H. Hatterr:

I happen to select up R. Kipling's autobiographical Kim. Therein, this self-appointed whiteman's burden-bearing sherpa feller's stated how, within the Orient, blokes hit the street and suppose nothing of strolling one thousand miles searching for something.

Indian author Khushwant Singh wrote in 2001 that he considers Kipling's "If—" "the essence of the message of The Gita in English," [151] relating to the Bhagavad Gita, an historic Indian scripture. Indian creator R.Ok. Narayan stated "Kipling, the supposed expert writer on India, showed a better understanding of the mind of the animals in the jungle than of the men in an Indian home or the marketplace."[152] The Indian flesh presser and author Sashi Tharoor commented "Kipling, that flatulent voice of Victorian imperialism, would wax eloquent on the noble duty to bring law to those without it".[153]

In November 2007, it was announced that Kipling's beginning house in the campus of the J. J. School of Art in Mumbai can be changed into a museum celebrating the writer and his works.[154]

Art

Though absolute best known as an writer, Kipling was once additionally an achieved artist. Influenced via Aubrey Beardsley, Kipling produced many illustrations for his stories, e.g. Just So Stories, 1919.[155]

Screen portrayals

Reginald Sheffield portrayed Rudyard Kipling in Gunga Din (1939). Paul Scardon portrayed Rudyard Kipling in The Adventures of Mark Twain (1944). Christopher Plummer portrayed Rudyard Kipling in The Man Who Would Be King (1975). David Haig portrayed Rudyard Kipling in My Boy Jack (2007).

Bibliography

Main article: Rudyard Kipling bibliography

Kipling's bibliography contains fiction (together with novels and short tales), non-fiction, and poetry. Several of his works had been collaborations.

See additionally

Kipling Trail List of Nobel laureates in Literature HMS Birkenhead (1845) – send discussed in one among Kipling's poems

References

^ The Times, (London) 18 January 1936, p. 12. ^ "The Man who would be King". Notes on the textual content through John McGivering. kiplingsociety.co.united kingdom. ^ a b c d e Rutherford, Andrew (1987). General Preface to the Editions of Rudyard Kipling, in "Puck of Pook's Hill and Rewards and Fairies", by way of Rudyard Kipling. Oxford University Press. .mw-parser-output cite.citationfont-style:inherit.mw-parser-output .citation qquotes:"\"""\"""'""'".mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free abackground:linear-gradient(transparent,clear),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")correct 0.1em heart/9px no-repeat.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .quotation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .quotation .cs1-lock-registration abackground:linear-gradient(transparent,clear),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")correct 0.1em center/9px no-repeat.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription abackground:linear-gradient(transparent,clear),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em middle/9px no-repeat.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registrationcolour:#555.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration spanborder-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon abackground:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")correct 0.1em heart/12px no-repeat.mw-parser-output code.cs1-codecolor:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-errordisplay:none;font-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-errorfont-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-maintdisplay:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em.mw-parser-output .cs1-formatfont-size:95%.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-leftpadding-left:0.2em.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-rightpadding-right:0.2em.mw-parser-output .quotation .mw-selflinkfont-weight:inheritISBN 0-19-282575-5 ^ a b c d e Rutherford, Andrew (1987). Introduction to the Oxford World's Classics version of 'Plain Tales from the Hills', via Rudyard Kipling. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-281652-7 ^ James Joyce regarded as Tolstoy, Kipling and D'Annunzio the "three writers of the nineteenth century who had the greatest natural talents", however that they "did not fulfill that promise". He additionally noted their "semi-fanatic ideas about religion, or about patriotism". Diary of David Fleischman, 21 July 1938, quoted in James Joyce by Richard Ellmann, p. 661, Oxford University Press (1983) ISBN 0-19-281465-6 ^ Alfred Nobel Foundation. "Who is the youngest ever to receive a Nobel Prize, and who is the oldest?". Nobelprize.com. p. 409. Archived from the unique on 25 September 2006. Retrieved 30 September 2006. ^ Birkenhead, Lord. (1978). Rudyard Kipling, Appendix B, "Honours and Awards". Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London; Random House Inc., New York. ^ Lewis, Lisa. (1995). Introduction to the Oxford World"s Classics edition of "Just So Stories", by means of Rudyard Kipling. Oxford University Press. pp. xv–xlii. ISBN 0-19-282276-4 ^ Quigley, Isabel. (1987). Introduction to the Oxford World's Classics edition of "The Complete Stalky & Co.", by means of Rudyard Kipling. Oxford University Press. pp. xiii–xxviii. ISBN 0-19-281660-8 ^ Said, Edward. (1993). Culture and Imperialism. London: Chatto & Windus. p. 196. ISBN 0-679-75054-1. ^ Sandison, Alan. (1987). Introduction to the Oxford World's Classics edition of Kim, through Rudyard Kipling. Oxford University Press. pp. xiii–xxx. ISBN 0-19-281674-8 ^ Douglas Kerr, University of Hong Kong (30 May 2002). "Rudyard Kipling." The Literary Encyclopedia. The Literary Dictionary Company. 26 September 2006. ^ a b c d e Carrington, C.E. (Charles Edmund) (1955). Rudyard Kipling: His Life and Work. Macmillan & Co. ^ Flanders, Judith. (2005). A Circle of Sisters: Alice Kipling, Georgiana Burne-Jones, Agnes Poynter, and Louisa Baldwin. W. W. Norton and Company, New York. ISBN 0-393-05210-9 ^ a b c d e f g h i j okay l m n o p q r s t Gilmour ^ "My Rival" 1885. Notes edited via John Radcliffe. kiplingsociety.co.united kingdom ^ Gilmour, p. 32. ^ thepotteries.org (13 January 2002). "did you know..." The potteries.org. Retrieved 2 October 2006. ^ Ahmed, Zubair (27 November 2007). "Kipling's India home to become museum". BBC News. Retrieved 7 August 2015. ^ Sir J. J. College of Architecture (30 September 2006). "Campus". Sir J. J. College of Architecture, Mumbai. Archived from the original on 28 July 2011. Retrieved 2 October 2006. ^ Aklekar, Rajendra (12 August 2014). "Red tape keeps Kipling bungalow in disrepair". Mumbai Mirror. Retrieved 7 August 2015. ^ Kipling, Rudyard (1894) "To the City of Bombay", dedication to Seven Seas, Macmillan & Co. ^ Murphy, Bernice M. (21 June 1999). "Rudyard Kipling – A Brief Biography". School of English, The Queen's University of Belfast. Archived from the unique on 14 November 2012. Retrieved 6 October 2006.CS1 maint: bot: authentic URL status unknown (link) ^ a b c d e f g h i j ok l m n o p Kipling, Rudyard (1935). "Something of Myself". Archived from the original on 23 February 2014. Retrieved 6 September 2008.CS1 maint: bot: authentic URL standing unknown (link) ^ Pinney, Thomas (2011) [2004]. "Kipling, (Joseph) Rudyard (1865–1936)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (on-line ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/34334. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) ^ Pinney, Thomas (1995). "A Very Young Person, Notes on the text". Cambridge University Press. Retrieved 6 March 2012. ^ a b c d Carpenter, Humphrey and Prichard, Mari. (1984). Oxford Companion to Children's Literature. Oxford University Press. pp. 296–297. ISBN 0192115820. ^ Chums, No. 256, Vol. V, 4 August 1897, p. 798. ^ Neelam, S (8 June 2008). "Rudyard Kipling's Allahabad bungalow in shambles". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 7 August 2015. ^ "Kipling, Rudyard – 1865–1936 – Homes & haunts – India – Allahabad (from the collection of William Carpenter)". Library of Congress US. Retrieved 7 August 2015. ^ a b Scott, p. 315 ^ a b Pinney, Thomas (editor). Letters of Rudyard Kipling, volume 1. Macmillan & Co., London and NY. ^ a b c d Hughes, James (2010). "Those Who Passed Through: Unusual Visits to Unlikely Places". New York History. 91 (2): 146–151. JSTOR 23185107. ^ Kipling, Rudyard (1956) Kipling: a selection of his stories and poems, Volume 2 p. 349 Doubleday, 1956 ^ Coates, John D. (1997). The Day's Work: Kipling and the Idea of Sacrifice. Fairleigh University Press. p. 130. ISBN 083863754X. ^ Kaplan, Robert D. (1989) Lahore as Kipling Knew It. The New York Times. Retrieved 9 March 2008 ^ Kipling, Rudyard (1996) Writings on Writing. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-44527-2, pp. 36 and 173 ^ Mallet, Phillip (2003). Rudyard Kipling: A Literary Life. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. ISBN 0-333-55721-2 ^ a b Ricketts, Harry (1999). Rudyard Kipling: A lifestyles. Carroll and Graf Publishers Inc., New York. ISBN 0-7867-0711-9 ^ Kipling, Rudyard. (1920). Letters of Travel (1892–1920). Macmillan & Co. ^ Nicolson, Adam (2001). Carrie Kipling 1862–1939: The Hated Wife. Faber & Faber, London. ISBN 0-571-20835-5 ^ a b Pinney, Thomas (editor). Letters of Rudyard Kipling, quantity 2. Macmillan & Co. ^ Bliss Carman, et al., eds. The World's Best Poetry. Volume I. Of Home: of Friendship. 1904. ^ Kipling, Rudyard. 1899. The White Man's Burden. Published simultaneously in The Times, London, and McClure's Magazine (US) 12 February 1899 ^ Snodgrass, Chris (2002). A Companion to Victorian Poetry. Blackwell, Oxford. ^ Kipling, Rudyard. (July 1897). "Recessional'". The Times, London ^ "Something of Myself", published 1935, South Africa Chapter ^ Reilly, Bernard F., Center for Research Libraries, Chicago, Illinois. e mail to Marion Wallace The Friend newspaper, Orange Free State, South Africa. ^ Carrington, C. E. (1955). The life of Rudyard Kipling, Doubleday & Co., Garden City, NY, p. 236. ^ Kipling, Rudyard (18 March 1900). "Kipling at Cape Town: Severe Arraignment of Treacherous Afrikanders and Demand for Condign Punishment By and By" (PDF). The New York Times. p. 21. ^ "Kipling.s Sussex: The Elms". Kipling.org. ^ "Bateman's: Jacobean house, home of Rudyard Kipling". National Trust.org. ^ C. E. Carrington (1955). The life of Rudyard Kipling, p. 286. ^ "Bateman's House". Nationaltrust.org.united kingdom. 17 November 2005. Archived from the original on 17 January 2014. Retrieved 23 June 2010.CS1 maint: bot: unique URL standing unknown (hyperlink) ^ "Writers History – Kipling Rudyard". writershistory.com. Archived from the original on 25 April 2015.CS1 maint: bot: original URL standing unknown (link) ^ Scott, pp. 318–319. ^ Leoshko, J. (2001). "What is in Kim? Rudyard Kipling and Tibetan Buddhist Traditions". South Asia Research. 21 (1): 51–75. doi:10.1177/026272800102100103. S2CID 145694033. ^ a b c d Gilmour, p. 206 ^ Bennett, Arnold (1917). Books and Persons Being Comments on a Past Epoch 1908–1911. London: Chatto & Windus. ^ Fred Lerner. "A Master of Our Art: Rudyard Kipling and modern Science Fiction". The Kipling Society. ^ Nomination Database. Nobelprize.org. Retrieved on 4 May 2017. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1907 – presentation Speech". Nobelprize.org. ^ a b Emma Jones (2004). The Literary Companion. Robson. p. 25. ISBN 978-1-86105-798-3. ^ a b c MacKenzie, David & Dutil, Patrice (2011) Canada 1911: The Decisive Election that Shaped the Country. Toronto: Dundurn. p. 211. ISBN 1554889472. ^ Gilmour, p. 242. ^ a b c Gilmour, p. 243. ^ Gilmour, p. 241. ^ Gilmour, pp. 242–244. ^ a b c Gilmour, p. 244. ^ a b Mackey, Albert G. (1946). Encyclopedia of Freemasonry, Vol. 1. Chicago: The Masonic History Co. ^ Our brother Rudyard Kipling. Masonic lecture Archived 8 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Albertpike.wordpress.com (7 October 2011). Retrieved on 4 May 2017. ^ "Official Visit to Meridian Lodge No. 687" (PDF). 12 February 2014. ^ a b c d Bilsing, Tracey (Summer 2000). "The Process of Manufacture of Rudyard Kipling's Private Propaganda" (PDF). War Literature and the Arts. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 15 August 2013. ^ a b Gilmour, p. 250. ^ a b Gilmour, p. 251. ^ "Full text of 'The new army in training'". archive.org. ^ "1914 Authors' Manifesto Defending Britain's Involvement in WWI, Signed by H.G. Wells and Arthur Conan Doyle". Slate. Retrieved 27 February 2020. ^ Brown, Jonathan (28 August 2006). "The Great War and its aftermath: The son who haunted Kipling". The Independent. Retrieved 3 May 2018. It was once simplest his father's intervention that allowed John Kipling to serve at the Western Front – and the poet by no means were given over his dying. ^ Quinlan, Mark (11 December 2007). "The controversy over John Kipling's burial place". War Memorials Archive Blog. Retrieved 3 May 2018. ^ "Solving the mystery of Rudyard Kipling's son". BBC News Magazine. 18 January 2016. Retrieved 3 May 2018. ^ McGreevy, Ronan (25 September 2015). "Grave of Rudyard Kipling's son correctly named, says authority". The Irish Times. Retrieved 3 May 2018. ^ "Casualty record: Lieutenant Kipling, John". Commonwealth War Graves Commission. Retrieved 3 May 2018. ^ Webb, George (1997). Foreword to: Kipling, Rudyard. The Irish Guards within the Great War. 2 vols. Spellmount. p. 9. ^ Southam, Brian (6 March 2010). "Notes on "My Boy Jack"". Retrieved 23 July 2011. ^ "The Many Lovers of Miss Jane Austen", BBC2 broadcast, 9 pm 23 December 2011 ^ The Fringes of the Fleet, Macmillan & Co., 1916. ^ Original correspondence between Kipling and Maurice Hammoneau and his son Jean Hammoneau in regards to the affair on the Library of Congress beneath the identify: How "Kim" saved the life of a French soldier: a remarkable collection of autograph letters of Rudyard Kipling, with the soldier's Croix de Guerre, 1918–1933. LCCN 2007-566938. The library additionally possesses the actual French 389-page paperback edition of Kim that stored Hammoneau's lifestyles, LCCN 2007-581430 ^ Simmers, George (27 May 1918). "A Kipling Hoax". The Times. ^ Kipling, Rudyard (1923). The Irish Guards within the Great War. 2 vols. London. ^ a b Gilmour, p. 273. ^ Gilmour, pp. 273–274. ^ a b Hodgson, p. 1060. ^ "The Liberty League – a campaign against Bolshevism". jot101.com. Retrieved 2 January 2017. ^ Miller, David and Dinan, William (2008) A Century of Spin. Pluto Press. ISBN 978-0-7453-2688-7 ^ Gilmour, p. 275. ^ Kipling, Rudyard (1940) The Definitive edition of Rudyard Kipling's verse. Hodder & Stoughton. ^ "The day's work". Internet Archive. ^ "The Iron Ring". Ironring.ca. Retrieved 10 September 2008. ^ "The Calling of an Engineer". Ironring.ca. Retrieved 24 November 2012. ^ a b Gilmour, p. 300. ^ a b c Gilmour, pp. 300–301. ^ Gilmour, p. 293. ^ Gilmour, pp. 302 and 304. ^ a b Hodgson, pp. 1059–1060. ^ Hodgson, pp. 1062–1063. ^ Hodgson, p. 1059. ^ a b c Smith, Michael."Kipling and the Swastika". Kipling.org. ^ Schliemann, H, Troy and its remains, London: Murray, 1875, pp. 102, 119–120 ^ Boxer, Sarah (29 June 2000). "One of the World's Great Symbols Strives for a Comeback". Think Tank. The New York Times. Retrieved 7 May 2012. ^ Rudyard Kipling, War Stories and Poems (Oxford Paperbacks, 1999), pp. xxiv–xxv ^ Knight, Sam (17 March 2017). "'London Bridge is down': the secret plan for the days after the Queen's death". The Guardian. Retrieved 12 October 2017. ^ Rose, Kenneth (1983). King George V. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. p. 394. ISBN 978-1-84212-001-9. ^ Short Stories from the Strand, The Folio Society, 1992 ^ Harry Ricketts (2000). Rudyard Kipling: A Life. Carroll & Graf. pp. 388–. ISBN 978-0-7867-0830-7. Retrieved 18 July 2013. ^ Rudyard Kipling's Waltzing Ghost: The Literary Heritage of Brown's Hotel, paragraph 11, Sandra Jackson-Opoku, Literary Traveler. ^ "Index entry". FreeBMD. ONS. Retrieved 15 November 2020. ^ Chernega, Carol (2011). A Dream House: Exploring the Literary Homes of England. p. 90. Dog Ear Publishing. ISBN 1457502461. ^ a b "History – Rudyard Kipling". Westminster abbey.org. ^ UK Retail Price Index inflation figures are in keeping with data from Clark, Gregory (2017). "The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)". MeasuringWorth. 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National Trust. 22 February 2019. ^ Howard, Philip (19 September 1977) "University library to have Kipling papers". The Times", p. 1. ^ chief, Zachary (2007). The Life of Kingsley Amis. Vintage. pp. 704–705. ISBN 0375424989. ^ "Personal touch brings Kipling's Sussex home to life". The Argus. ^ "Rudyard Kipling Readings by Ralph Fiennes". Allmusic. ^ "History repeats itself, in stopping short". telegraphindia.com. ^ Subhash Chopra (2016). Kipling Sahib: the Raj patriot. London: New Millennium. ISBN 978-1858454405. ^ Globalization and academic rights: an intercivilizational analysis, Joel H. Spring, p. 137. ^ Post independence voices in South Asian writings, Malashri Lal, Alamgīr Hashmī, Victor J. Ramraj, 2001. ^ Khushwant Singh, Review of The Book of Prayer by Renuka Narayanan , 2001 ^ "When Malgudi man courted controversy". The Hindu. Retrieved 13 October 2014 ^ The Guardian, ("'But what about the railways ...?' 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Cited resources

Eliot, T.S. (1941). A Choice of Kipling's Verse, made by way of T. S. Eliot with an essay on Rudyard Kipling. Faber and Faber. Gilmour, David (2003). The lengthy recessional: the imperial life of Rudyard Kipling. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 978-1466830004. Hodgson, Katherine (October 1998). "The Poetry of Rudyard Kipling in Soviet Russia". The Modern Language Review. 93 (4): 1058–1071. doi:10.2307/3736277. JSTOR 3736277. Scott, David (June 2011). "Kipling, the Orient, and Orientals: 'Orientalism' Reoriented?". Journal of World History. 22 (2): 299–328 [315]. doi:10.1353/jwh.2011.0036. JSTOR 23011713. S2CID 143705079.

Further reading

Biography and criticismAllen, Charles (2007). Kipling Sahib: India and the Making of Rudyard Kipling, Abacus. ISBN 978-0-349-11685-3 Bauer, Helen Pike (1994). Rudyard Kipling: A Study of the Short Fiction. New York: Twayne Birkenhead, Lord (Frederick Smith, second Earl of Birkenhead) (1978). Rudyard Kipling. Worthing: Littlehampton Book Services Ltd. ISBN 978-0-297-77535-5 Carrington, Charles (1955). Rudyard Kipling: His Life and Work. London: Macmillan & Co. Croft-Cooke, Rupert (1948). Rudyard Kipling (London: Home & Van Thal Ltd.) David, C. (2007). Rudyard Kipling: a vital find out about, New Delhi: Anmol. ISBN 81-261-3101-2 Dillingham, William B (2005). Rudyard Kipling: Hell and Heroism New York: Palgrave Macmillan Gilbert, Elliot L. ed. (1965). Kipling and the Critics (New York: New York University Press) Gilmour, David (2003). The Long Recessional: The Imperial Life of Rudyard Kipling New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 0-374-52896-9 Green, Roger Lancelyn, ed. (1971). Kipling: the Critical Heritage. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. Gross, John, ed. (1972). Rudyard Kipling: the Man, his Work and his World. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson Harris, Brian (2014). The Surprising Mr Kipling: An anthology and reassessment of the poetry of Rudyard Kipling. CreateSpace. ISBN 978-1-4942-2194-2 Harris, Brian (2015). The Two Sided Man. CreateSpace. ISBN 1508712328. Kemp, Sandra (1988). Kipling's Hidden Narratives Oxford: Blackwell Lycett, Andrew (1999). Rudyard Kipling. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 0-297-81907-0 Lycett, Andrew (ed.) (2010). Kipling Abroad, I. B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-84885-072-9 Mallett, Phillip (2003). Rudyard Kipling: A Literary Life Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan Montefiore, Jan (ed.) (2013). In Time's Eye: Essays on Rudyard Kipling. Manchester: Manchester University Press Narita, Tatsushi (2011). T. S. Eliot and his Youth as 'A Literary Columbus'. Nagoya: Kougaku Shuppan Nicolson, Adam (2001). Carrie Kipling 1862–1939 : The Hated Wife. Faber & Faber, London. ISBN 0-571-20835-5 Ricketts, Harry (2001). Rudyard Kipling: A Life. New York: Da Capo Press ISBN 0-7867-0830-1 Rooney, Caroline, and Kaori Nagai, eds. (2011). Kipling and Beyond: Patriotism, Globalisation, and Postcolonialism. Palgrave Macmillan; 214 pp.; scholarly essays on Kipling's "boy heroes of empire," Kipling and C.L.R. James, and Kipling and the brand new American empire, and so forth. Rutherford, Andrew, ed. (1964). Kipling's Mind and Art. Edinburgh and London: Oliver and Boyd Sergeant, David (2013). Kipling's Art of Fiction 1884–1901 Oxford: Oxford University Press Martin Seymour-Smith (1990). Rudyard Kipling, Shippey, Tom, "Rudyard Kipling," in: Cahier Calin: Makers of the Middle Ages. Essays in Honor of William Calin, ed. Richard Utz and Elizabeth Emery (Kalamazoo, MI: Studies in Medievalism, 2011), pp. 21–23. Tompkins, J.M.S. (1959). The Art of Rudyard Kipling. London: Methuen online edition Walsh, Sue (2010). Kipling's Children's Literature: Language, Identity, and Constructions of Childhood Farnham: Ashgate Wilson, Angus (1978). The Strange Ride of Rudyard Kipling: His Life and Works New York: The Viking Press. ISBN 0-670-67701-9

External links

Rudyard Kiplingat Wikipedia's sister initiativesMedia from Wikimedia CommonsQuotations from WikiquoteTexts from WikisourceData from Wikidata The Kipling Society website online Rudyard Kipling on Nobelprize.org Rudyard Kipling on the Encyclopedia of Fantasy Rudyard Kipling at the Encyclopedia of Science Fiction Rudyard Kipling recordings at the Discography of American Historical Recordings.Other data Library resources about Rudyard Kipling Resources on your library Resources in different libraries WorksWorks by Rudyard Kipling at Project Gutenberg List of works on the Works Catalogues of Laureates of the Nobel Prize for Literature Works by way of or about Rudyard Kipling at Internet Archive Works by way of Rudyard Kipling at LibriVox (public area audiobooks) Works by means of Rudyard Kipling (now not public area in US, so now not available on Wikisource)ResourcesThe Rudyard Kipling Collection maintained via Marlboro College. The Rudyard Kipling Poems by means of Poemist. Rudyard Kipling: The Books I Leave Behind exhibition, comparable podcast, and digital pictures maintained via the Beinecke Rare Book & Manuscript Library, Yale University Rudyard Kipling on the Internet Speculative Fiction Database The Rudyard Kipling Collections From the Rare Book and Special Collections Division at the Library of Congress Archival subject material at Leeds University Library Newspaper clippings about Rudyard Kipling within the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW A. P. Watt & Son information when it comes to Rudyard Kipling. General Collection, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University.Academic workplaces Preceded by way ofSir J. M. Barrie Rector of the University of St Andrews1922–1925 Succeeded throughFridtjof Nansen vteRudyard KiplingNovels The Light That Failed (1891) The Naulahka: A Story of West and East (co-author, Wolcott Balestier, 1892) Captains Courageous (1896) Kim (1901)Collections Plain Tales from the Hills (1888) Soldiers Three (1888) The Story of the Gadsbys (1888) In Black and White (1888) The Phantom 'Rickshaw and different Eerie Tales (1888) Under the Deodars (1888) Wee Willie Winkie and Other Child Stories (1888) From Sea to Sea and Other Sketches, Letters of Travel (1889) Barrack-Room Ballads (1892, poetry) Many Inventions (1893) The Jungle Book (1894) "Mowgli's Brothers" "Kaa's Hunting" "Tiger! Tiger!" "Rikki-Tikki-Tavi" The Second Jungle Book (1895) "Letting in the Jungle" "Red Dog" All the Mowgli Stories (c. 1895) The Seven Seas (1896, poetry) The Day's Work (1898) Stalky & Co. (1899) Just So Stories (1902) The Five Nations (1903, poetry) Puck of Pook's Hill (1906) Rewards and Fairies (1910) The Fringes of the Fleet (1915, non-fiction) Debits and Credits (1926) Limits and Renewals (1932) Rudyard Kipling's Verse: Definitive Edition (1940) A Choice of Kipling's Verse (by T. S. Eliot, 1941)Poems "The Absent-Minded Beggar" "The Ballad of the 'Clampherdown'" "The Ballad of East and West" "The Beginnings" "The Bell Buoy" "The Betrothed" "Big Steamers" "Boots" "Cold Iron" "Dane-geld" "Danny Deever" "A Death-Bed" "The Female of the Species" "Fuzzy-Wuzzy" "Gentleman ranker" "The Gods of the Copybook Headings" "Gunga Din" "Hymn Before Action" "If—" "In the Neolithic Age" "The King's Pilgrimage" "The Last of the Light Brigade" "The Lowestoft Boat" "Mandalay" "The Mary Gloster" "McAndrew's Hymn" "My Boy Jack" "Recessional" "A Song in Storm" "The Sons of Martha" "Submarines" "The Sweepers" "Tommy" "Ubique" "The White Man's Burden" "The Widow at Windsor"Short stories ".007" "The Arrest of Lieutenant Golightly" "Baa Baa, Black Sheep" "Bread upon the Waters" "The Broken Link Handicap" "The Butterfly that Stamped" "Consequences" "The Conversion of Aurelian McGoggin" "Cupid's Arrows" "The Devil and the Deep Sea" "The Drums of the Fore and Aft" "Fairy-Kist" "False Dawn" "A Germ-Destroyer" "His Chance in Life" "His Wedded Wife" "In the House of Suddhoo" "Kidnapped" "Learoyd, Mulvaney and Ortheris" "Lispeth" "The Man Who Would Be King" "A Matter of Fact" "Miss Youghal's Sais" "The Mother Hive" "Ortheris" "The Other Man" "The Rescue of Pluffles" "The Ship that Found Herself" "The Sing-Song of Old Man Kangaroo" "The Taking of Lungtungpen" "Three and – an Extra" "The Three Musketeers" "Thrown Away" "Toomai of the Elephants" "Watches of the Night" "Wireless" "Yoked with an Unbeliever"Related Bibliography Bateman's (area) Indian Railway Library Ritual of the Calling of an Engineer Iron Ring Law of the jungle Aerial Board of Control My Boy Jack (1997 play) Rudyard Kipling: A Remembrance Tale (2006 documentary) My Boy Jack (2007 movie)Family Caroline Starr Balestier Kipling (wife) Elsie Bambridge (daughter) John Kipling (son) John Lockwood Kipling (father) MacDonald sisters (mom's family) Stanley Baldwin (cousin) Georgiana Burne-Jones (aunt) Edward Burne-Jones (uncle) Philip Burne-Jones (cousin) Edward Poynter (uncle) Alfred Baldwin (uncle) vteLaureates of the Nobel Prize in Literature1901–1925 1901: Sully Prudhomme 1902: Theodor Mommsen 1903: Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson 1904: Frédéric Mistral / José Echegaray 1905: Henryk Sienkiewicz 1906: Giosuè Carducci 1907: Rudyard Kipling 1908: Rudolf Eucken 1909: Selma Lagerlöf 1910: Paul Heyse 1911: Maurice Maeterlinck 1912: Gerhart Hauptmann 1913: Rabindranath Tagore 1914 1915: Romain Rolland 1916: Verner von Heidenstam 1917: Karl Gjellerup / Henrik Pontoppidan 1918 1919: Carl Spitteler 1920: Knut Hamsun 1921: Anatole France 1922: Jacinto Benavente 1923: W. B. Yeats 1924: Władysław Reymont 1925: George Bernard Shaw1926–1950 1926: Grazia Deledda 1927: Henri Bergson 1928: Sigrid Undset 1929: Thomas Mann 1930: Sinclair Lewis 1931: Erik Axel Karlfeldt 1932: John Galsworthy 1933: Ivan Bunin 1934: Luigi Pirandello 1935 1936: Eugene O'Neill 1937: Roger Martin du Gard 1938: Pearl S. Buck 1939: Frans Eemil Sillanpää 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944: Johannes V. Jensen 1945: Gabriela Mistral 1946: Hermann Hesse 1947: André Gide 1948: T. S. Eliot 1949: William Faulkner 1950: Bertrand Russell1951–1975 1951: Pär Lagerkvist 1952: François Mauriac 1953: Winston Churchill 1954: Ernest Hemingway 1955: Halldór Laxness 1956: Juan Ramón Jiménez 1957: Albert Camus 1958: Boris Pasternak 1959: Salvatore Quasimodo 1960: Saint-John Perse 1961: Ivo Andrić 1962: John Steinbeck 1963: Giorgos Seferis 1964: Jean-Paul Sartre (declined award) 1965: Mikhail Sholokhov 1966: Shmuel Yosef Agnon / Nelly Sachs 1967: Miguel Ángel Asturias 1968: Yasunari Kawabata 1969: Samuel Beckett 1970: Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn 1971: Pablo Neruda 1972: Heinrich Böll 1973: Patrick White 1974: Eyvind Johnson / Harry Martinson 1975: Eugenio Montale1976–2000 1976: Saul Bellow 1977: Vicente Aleixandre 1978: Isaac Bashevis Singer 1979: Odysseas Elytis 1980: Czesław Miłosz 1981: Elias Canetti 1982: Gabriel García Márquez 1983: William Golding 1984: Jaroslav Seifert 1985: Claude Simon 1986: Wole Soyinka 1987: Joseph Brodsky 1988: Naguib Mahfouz 1989: Camilo José Cela 1990: Octavio Paz 1991: Nadine Gordimer 1992: Derek Walcott 1993: Toni Morrison 1994: Kenzaburō Ōe 1995: Seamus Heaney 1996: Wisława Szymborska 1997: Dario Fo 1998: José Saramago 1999: Günter Grass 2000: Gao Xingjian2001–present 2001: V. S. Naipaul 2002: Imre Kertész 2003: J. M. Coetzee 2004: Elfriede Jelinek 2005: Harold Pinter 2006: Orhan Pamuk 2007: Doris Lessing 2008: J. M. G. Le Clézio 2009: Herta Müller 2010: Mario Vargas Llosa 2011: Tomas Tranströmer 2012: Mo Yan 2013: Alice Munro 2014: Patrick Modiano 2015: Svetlana Alexievich 2016: Bob Dylan 2017: Kazuo Ishiguro 2018: Olga Tokarczuk 2019: Peter Handke 2020: Louise Glück vte1907 Nobel Prize laureatesChemistry Eduard Buchner (Germany)Literature Rudyard Kipling (Great Britain)Peace Ernesto Teodoro Moneta (Italy) Louis Renault (France)Physics Albert Abraham Michelson (United States/Poland)Physiology or Medicine Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran (France) 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 vteNobel Laureates in English Literature 1907: Kipling 1913: Tagore 1923: Yeats 1925: Shaw 1930: Lewis 1932: Galsworthy 1936: O'Neill 1938: Buck 1948: Eliot 1949: Faulkner 1950: Russell 1953: Churchill 1954: Hemingway 1962: Steinbeck 1969: Beckett 1973: White 1976: Bellow 1983: Golding 1986: Soyinka 1987: Brodsky 1991: Gordimer 1992: Walcott 1993: Morrison 1995: Heaney 2001: Naipaul 2003: Coetzee 2005: Pinter 2007: Lessing 2013: Munro 2016: Dylan 2017: Ishiguro Tagore, Beckett, and Brodsky also wrote in Bengali, French, and Russian languages respectively alongside English. vteRudyard Kipling's The Jungle BookBooks The Jungle Book (1894) The Second Jungle Book (1895) All the Mowgli Stories (1933)Mowgli tales "Mowgli's Brothers" "Kaa's Hunting" "Tiger! Tiger!" "Letting in the Jungle" "Red Dog"Other stories "Rikki-Tikki-Tavi" "Toomai of the Elephants"Characters Mowgli Baloo Bagheera Akela Raksha Kaa Hathi Shere Khan Bandar-log King LouieDisney franchiseFilm The Jungle Book (1967) The Jungle Book (1994) The Jungle Book: Mowgli's Story (1998) The Jungle Book 2 (2003) The Jungle Book (2016)Television TaleSpin (1990–91) Jungle Cubs (1996–1998)Soundtrack "Colonel Hathi's March" "The Bare Necessities" "I Wan'na Be like You" "Trust in Me" "That's What Friends Are For" "My Own Home"Video video games The Jungle Book (1993) The Jungle Book Groove Party (2000)Other The Jungle Book: Alive with Magic Colonel Hathi's Pizza OutpostOther adaptationsLive-action Film Elephant Boy (1937) Rudyard Kipling's Jungle Book (1942) The Second Jungle Book: Mowgli & Baloo (1997) Mowgli: Legend of the Jungle (2018)Animated Film Adventures of Mowgli (1967-1971)Television Mowgli's Brothers (1976) Jungle Book Shōnen Mowgli (1989–90) episodes Mowgli: The New Adventures of the Jungle Book (1998) The Jungle Book (2010–)Other The Third Jungle Book (1992) A dzsungel könyve DjungelbokenRelated Bagheera Fountain Law of the jungle The Jungle Book and Scouting The Wolf Cub's Handbook Mowgli syndrome The Graveyard Book (2008) vteRudyard Kipling's The Light That FailedFilms The Light That Failed (1916) The Light That Failed (1923) The Light That Failed (1939)Phrases "Bite the bullet" "Sturgeon's law" vteVictorian-era children's literatureAuthors Henry Cadwallader Adams R. M. Ballantyne Lucy Lyttelton Cameron Lewis Carroll Christabel Rose Coleridge Harry Collingwood Maria Edgeworth Evelyn Everett-Green Juliana Horatia Ewing Frederic W. Farrar G. E. Farrow Agnes Giberne Anna Maria Hall L. T. Meade G. A. Henty Frances Hodgson Burnett Thomas Hughes Richard Jefferies Charles Kingsley W. H. G. Kingston Rudyard Kipling Andrew Lang Frederick Marryat George MacDonald Mary Louisa Molesworth Kirk Munroe E. Nesbit Frances Mary Peard Beatrix Potter William Brighty Rands Talbot Baines Reed Elizabeth Missing Sewell Anna Sewell Mary Martha Sherwood Flora Annie Steel Robert Louis Stevenson Hesba Stretton Charlotte Elizabeth Tonna Charlotte Maria Tucker Charlotte Mary YongeIllustrators Eleanor Vere Boyle Gordon Browne Randolph Caldecott Thomas Crane Walter Crane George Cruikshank Thomas Dalziel (engraver) Richard Doyle H. H. Emmerson Edmund Evans (engraver) Kate Greenaway Sydney Prior Hall Edward Lear Harold Robert Millar Arthur Rackham J. G. Sowerby Millicent Sowerby John TennielBooks List of Nineteenth-century British kids's literature titlesTypes Toy guidePublishers Blackie & Son Marcus Ward & Co. Frederick Warne & Co vteRectors of the University of St Andrews Sir Ralph Anstruther William Stirling-Maxwell John Stuart Mill J. A. Froude Lord Neaves Arthur Penrhyn Stanley Lord Selborne Sir Theodore Martin Lord Reay Arthur Balfour Marquess of Dufferin and Ava Marquess of Bute James Stuart Andrew Carnegie Baron Avebury Earl of Rosebery Earl of Aberdeen Sir Douglas Haig Sir J. M. Barrie Rudyard Kipling Fridtjof Nansen Sir Wilfred Grenfell Jan Smuts Guglielmo Marconi Lord MacGregor Mitchell Sir David Munro Sir George Cunningham Lord Burghley Earl of Crawford Viscount Kilmuir Baron Boothby Sir Charles P. Snow Sir John Rothenstein Sir Learie Constantine, Baron Constantine John Cleese Alan Coren Frank Muir Tim Brooke-Taylor Katharine Whitehorn Stanley Adams Nicholas Parsons Nicky Campbell Donald Findlay Andrew Neil Sir Clement Freud Simon Pepper Kevin Dunion Alistair Moffat Catherine Stihler Srđa Popović Leyla Hussein vteStanley BaldwinPremierships 1923–1924 1924–1929 1935–1937General elections 1923 1924 1929 1931 1935Constituency BewdleyFamily Alfred Baldwin (father) Louisa Baldwin (mom) Lucy Baldwin (wife) Oliver Baldwin, second Earl Baldwin of Bewdley (son) Arthur Baldwin, third Earl Baldwin of Bewdley (son) Rudyard Kipling (cousin)Career Carlton Club meeting Power without duty speech National Government British Empire Economic Conference Appeasement Hoare–Laval Pact Edward VIII abdication crisis HonoursCultural depictions The Gathering Storm (TV, 1974) Edward & Mrs. Simpson (TV, 1978) Winston Churchill: The Wilderness Years (TV, 1981) The Woman He Loved (TV, 1988) The Gathering Storm (TV, 2002) Wallis & Edward (TV, 2005) The King's Speech (Film, 2010) W.E. (Film, 2011)See additionally Astley Hall Earl Baldwin of Bewdley Wilden Ironworks 1921 Bewdley by-election 1924 Prime Minister's Resignation Honours Authority keep an eye on BIBSYS: 90088673 BNC: 000037839 BNE: XX1719503 BNF: cb13091505s (knowledge) CANTIC: a10904220 CiNii: DA0046379X GND: 118562290 ICCU: IT\ICCU\CFIV[scrape_url:1]

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